Estimation of turbulent sensible heat and momentum fluxes over a heterogeneous urban area using a large aperture scintillometer     

Sang-Hyun Lee  Jun-Ho Lee  Bo-Young Kim 《大气科学进展》2015,32(8):1092-1105

The accurate determination of surface-layer turbulent fluxes over urban areas is critical to understanding urban boundary layer (UBL) evolution. In this study, a remote-sensing technique using a large aperture scintillometer (LAS) was investigated to estimate surface-layer turbulent fluxes over a highly heterogeneous urban area. The LAS system, with an optical path length of 2.1 km, was deployed in an urban area characterized by a complicated land-use mix (residential houses, water body, bare ground, etc.). The turbulent sensible heat (Q H) and momentum fluxes (τ) were estimated from the scintillation measurements obtained from the LAS system during the cold season. Three-dimensional LAS footprint modeling was introduced to identify the source areas ("footprint") of the estimated turbulent fluxes. The analysis results showed that the LAS-derived turbulent fluxes for the highly heterogeneous urban area revealed reasonable temporal variation during daytime on clear days, in comparison to the land-surface process-resolving numerical modeling. A series of sensitivity tests indicated that the overall uncertainty in the LAS-derived daytime Q H was within 20%-30% in terms of the influence of input parameters and the non-dimensional similarity function for the temperature structure function parameter, while the estimation errors in τ were less sensitive to the factors of influence, except aerodynamic roughness length. The 3D LAS footprint modeling characterized the source areas of the LAS-derived turbulent fluxes in the heterogeneous urban area, revealing that the representative spatial scales of the LAS system deployed with the 2.1 km optical path distance ranged from 0.2 to 2 km2 (a "micro-α scale"), depending on local meteorological conditions.  相似文献   

海洋涡旋遥感：进展与挑战     

陈戈  杨杰  田丰林  陈树果  赵朝方  唐军武  刘颖洁  王祎诺  苑忠浩  何遒  曹川川 《遥感学报》2021,25(1):302-322

海洋涡旋数量大、分布广、含能高、裹挟强,是研究物质循环、能量级联和圈层耦合的理想载体。对涡旋的全生命周期追踪观测成为21世纪以来海洋遥感领域最重要的进展之一,并引发了新一轮涡旋研究的热潮。本文从涡旋的温度异常、物质示踪、旋转流场和闭合拓扑等特征出发,简述了红外辐射计、可见光扫描仪、微波高度计、合成孔径雷达等遥感技术在涡旋观测中的机理和方法,重点阐述了卫星高度计涡旋识别与追踪算法及其在涡旋形态学、运动学和动力学中的应用。基于虚拟星座下的多参数遥感,介绍了涡旋在海洋、大气、生态等交叉学科领域的前沿应用和最新进展。指出当前涡旋遥感发展面临的亚中尺度、垂直结构、跨学科研究等3大挑战,展望了新一代遥感技术在未来海洋科学特别是涡旋海洋学研究中的应用前景。  相似文献   

甲烷水合物在人工毛细管沉积物柱中的形成和分解   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈敏  业渝光  吕万军  刘昌岭  解习农  王菲菲 《现代地质》2010,24(3)

天然气水合物在海底的形成与沉积物性质密切相关,沉积物的粒度、孔隙度、矿物组成等都可以影响到水合物的成核生长。通过拉曼测试和显微镜下观察人工毛细管模拟沉积物中CH4水合物的形成和分解过程,实验发现无论是在气液界面还是在溶有过饱和CH4的流体内,水合物都能够成核形成,但水合物更容易在气液和固液界面成核,并迅速生长;水合物在较大粒径石英砂(39~53μm)形成的孔隙内的成核机会比在粘土粒级的砂粒孔隙中的机会更大;水合物晶体主要呈发丝状附着于沉积物颗粒表面。  相似文献   

俄罗斯水热法合成祖母绿的宝石学特征研究     

孙主  李娅莉 《地质科学译丛》2010,(1):12-15,42,I0002

俄罗斯水热法合成祖母绿是珠宝界较关注的产品。选用5粒俄罗斯水热法合成祖母绿样品进行了常规宝石学特征测试、电子探针成分分析、红外吸收光谱和紫外-可见吸收光谱测定。结果表明,俄罗斯水热法合成祖母绿样品以低碱、富Fe与Cr为特征,折射率和相对密度明显偏高,红外吸收光谱特征峰出现在4052cm叫附近;俄罗斯水热法合成祖母绿样品的致色元素为Cr与Fe。同时,对比分析了俄罗斯、桂林水热法合成祖母绿样品和天然祖母绿样品的宝石学特征。  相似文献   

面元细分处理资料的分辨率定量评价     

徐辉  张军华 《物探化探计算技术》2010,32(1):59-63

以永新工区高精度采集的地震资料为例,对高精度勘探的面元细分方法及细分处理资料的分辨率进行了评价。首先给出了面元细分的方法及面元细分对地震资料分辨率的影响,介绍了现有的一些分辨率计算方法。对于纵向分辨率,主要从λ/4传统薄层分辨率和高截频二个方面进行了讨论;对于横向分辨率,从菲涅耳带半径、防空间假频、Lindsey分辨率定义、考虑偏移孔径的分辨率等四个方面进行了分析、比较。通过研究,得出了有一定借鉴意义的结论:①在现有常规检波器条件下,面元细分处理对地震资料的分辨率影响较小,其变化不大;②在单道记录信噪比已较高的情况下,想通过提高覆盖次数来提高资料的分辨率,其提升空间有限;③就横向分辨率而言,考虑偏移孔径的计算方法,结果比较准确;④对于东部地区,从性价比上考虑,覆盖次数150,200已能满足要求,太高的覆盖次数没有从本质上改进资料的质量。  相似文献   

大气折射指数的结构参数与北方5～9月降雨的强相关现象     

涂钢  支克广  支平  付光极  王建平 《地球科学进展》2010,25(11):1291-1295

基于中荷合作项目"建立关于荒漠化和粮食保障的中国能量与水平衡监测系统"(CEWBMS),在国家卫星气象中心和国家林业总局的支持下,乾安大孔径闪烁仪于1999年10月安装并正式运行.利用2000-2005年5～9月大孔径闪烁仪(LAS)观测的大气折射指数的结构参数Cn2,采用独立性检验,证实了Cn2的高低与未来32h是否出现降雨(晴雨)存在显著相关关系.结合乾安气象站的有关气象观测数据,初步选择Cn2白天值以及夜间值以Cn2的24 h变量作为预报依据,建立基于Cn2预报未来32h晴雨的预报流程;并利用2006年Cn2的观测数据,依照预报流程对2006年进行了回报预报试验,正确率为42/47.  相似文献   

综合地质超前预报在齐岳山隧道施工中的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

陈晓广 《地质灾害与环境保护》2010,21(1):97-100

在长大隧道施工过程中,由于工程地质条件的复杂性和不确定性,常会出现如塌方、涌水等地质灾害,为了规避这些地质灾害的发生,在施工过程中实施综合地质超前预报就显得十分有必要。本文以宜(昌)—万(州)铁路齐岳山隧道PDK366+020~PDK365+984段为实例,详细介绍地质分析-TSP地震勘探-超前水平钻探相结合的综合地质超前预报方法,结果证明,该方法具有较高的精度和准确度。  相似文献   

青海德尔尼铜钴矿外围综合物探方法应用研究     

刘建利  徐新学  王凯  张炜  蔡少峰 《西北地质》2010,43(2):70-79

在分析德尔尼矿区试验剖面的基础上,论述了综合物探方法在调查外围隐伏矿体中的应用。激电扫面可快捷有效圈定异常范围,瞬变电磁法、可控源音频大地电磁法可快速判定异常体的位置、深度、倾向。多种方法相互佐证,结合地质资料排除干扰,可有效降低多解性,为下一步地质重点工程提供资料依据。实践表明,研究成果与钻孔资料、已知矿体基本吻合,在此基础上对德尔尼东、西两区提出了后期工作的重点目标靶区,表明在本区利用这些物探方法来寻找以低阻异常为特征的铜钴矿体是行之有效的。  相似文献   

Semisupervised heterogeneous ensemble for ship target discrimination in synthetic aperture radar images     

Yongxu Li  Xudong Lai  Mingwei Wang 《海洋学报(英文版)》2022,41(7):180-192

Ship detection using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) plays an important role in marine applications. The existing methods are capable of quickly obtaining many candidate targets, but numerous non-ship objects may be wrongly detected in complex backgrounds. These non-ship false alarms can be excluded by training discriminators, and the desired accuracy is obtained with enough verified samples. However, the reliable verification of targets in large-scene SAR images still inevitably requires manual interpretation, which is difficult and time consuming. To address this issue, a semisupervised heterogeneous ensemble ship target discrimination method based on a tri-training scheme is proposed to take advantage of the plentiful candidate targets. Specifically, various features commonly used in SAR image target discrimination are extracted, and several acknowledged classification models and their classic variants are investigated. Multiple discriminators are constructed by dividing these features into different groups and pairing them with each model. Then, the performance of all the discriminators is tested, and better discriminators are selected for implementing the semisupervised training process. These strategies enhance the diversity and reliability of the discriminators, and their heterogeneous ensemble makes more correct judgments on candidate targets, which facilitates further positive training. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms traditional tri-training.  相似文献   

Deriving Changjiang coastal zone wind from C-band SAR and its application to salinity simulation     

王利花  周云轩  朱建荣  沈芳  田波 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2014,32(4):946-957

Wind plays an important role in hydrodynamic processes such as the expansion of Changjiang （Yangtze） River Diluted Water （CDW）, and shelf circulation in the Changjiang estuary. Thus, it is essential to include wind in the numerical simulation of these phenomena. Synthetic aperture radar （SAR） with high resolution and wide spatial coverage is valuable for measuring spatially inhomogeneous ocean surface wind fields. We have collected 87 ERS-2 SAR images with wind-induced streaks that cover the Cbangjiang coastal area, to verify and improve the validity of wind direction retrieval using the 2D fast Fourier transform method. We then used these wind directions as inputs to derive SAR wind speeds using the C-band model. To demonstrate the applicability of the algorithms, we validated the SAR-retrieved wind fields using QuikSCAT measurements and the atmospheric Weather Research Forecasting model. In general, we found good agreement between the datasets, indicating the reliability and applicability of SAR- retrieved algorithms under different atmospheric conditions. We investigated the main error sources of this process, and conducted sensitivity analyses to estimate the wind speed errors caused by the effect of speckle, uncertainties in wind direction, and inaccuracies in the normalized radar cross section. Finally, we used the SAR-retrieved wind fields to simulate the salinity distribution off the Changjiang estuary. The findings of this study will be valuable for wind resource assessment and the development of future numerical ocean models based on SAR images.  相似文献